ABSTRACT
Abstract Background Smoking is considered an epidemic, indeed, one of the most important public health problems worldwide. It is also the most significant preventable cause of death, of a high number of premature deaths, and avoidable chronic diseases. It is considered an enormous economic burden for the world. Objective To provide an overview of smoking-cessation treatments, including pharmacological and psychological options, and to gather current scientific evidence available on them. Methods Research included reviewing publications from 2007-2018 in four databases using algorithms related to bupropion, varenicline, nicotine replacement therapy, smoking cessation, psychological treatment, motivational interview, cognitive-behavioral therapy and clinical guidelines for smoking treatment. Meta-analyses or systematic reviews and randomized or quasi-randomized trials were selected. We also included clinical guidelines for smoking treatment from Mexico and other countries. Results After refining the search, 37 articles met the criteria and were included in the review. The results were grouped by type of intervention. Conclusions It is necessary to conduct research on combinations of both kinds of treatment with an integral, multidisciplinary vision. Current standard for smoking cessation is a combined psychological and pharmacological treatment.
Subject(s)
Humans , Smoking Cessation/methods , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Tobacco Use Cessation Devices , Smoking/adverse effects , Smoking/epidemiology , Cognitive Behavioral Therapy/methods , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic , Smoking Cessation/psychology , Bupropion/administration & dosage , Motivational Interviewing/methods , Varenicline/administration & dosage , Smoking Cessation Agents/administration & dosage , MexicoABSTRACT
Resumo O hábito de fumar, ou tabagismo, preocupação da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS), é um grave problema de saúde pública e a principal causa de morte evitável no mundo. A relevância de ações, cujo foco seja facilitar a cessação deste vício, motiva a discussão de estudos que apresentam diferentes abordagens para tal enfrentamento visando contribuir para a formação dos profissionais da APS. Utilizou-se as bases de dados Lilacs, Medline e Web of Science considerando as produções científicas recentes (2010 a 2015). Os descritores foram combinados a operadores boleanos e, após análise dos artigos encontrados, 75 são discutidos nesta revisão por apresentarem estratégias de maior prevalência na APS. Conclui-se que a abordagem individual breve ou intensa a partir do método dos 5A's (Modelo Transteórico) é a mais adotada, assim como os fármacos adesivos de Nicotina e Bupropiona. O uso crescente de tecnologia dura necessita de novos estudos que averiguem os seus impactos no tratamento a tabagistas. Evidenciou-se a necessidade de o profissional de saúde ser mais bem preparado para abordar o tema com os usuários, além de carecer do estímulo e das condições próprias para atuar na equipe de APS refletindo diretamente os avanços científicos em sua prática clínica.
Abstract The habit of tobacco use/smoking, which is a major concern of Primary Health Care (PHC), is a serious public health problem and the main avoidable cause of death in the world. The relevance of actions, whose focus is to facilitate the cessation of this habit, motivates the discussion of studies that have different approaches to tackle this issue by seeking to train PHC professionals accordingly. A search was conducted in the Lilacs, MEDLINE and Web of Science databases for recent scientific publications (2010-2015). The key words were combined with Boolean operators and, after analysis of the articles found, 75 are discussed in this article since they have strategies with a higher prevalence in PHC. The conclusion drawn is that the brief or intense individual approach using the 5A method (Transtheoretical Model) is the most widely adopted, as well as bupropion and nicotine replacement patches. The increasing use of hard technology requires new studies that examine their impact on the treatment of smokers. It was clearly revealed that there is a need for health professionals to be better prepared to address the issue with the users, in addition to a lack of stimulus and proper conditions to work in the PHC team directly reflecting scientific advances in clinical practice.